diff --git a/core/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/authorization/ConditionalAuthorizationManager.java b/core/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/authorization/ConditionalAuthorizationManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7daa470602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/authorization/ConditionalAuthorizationManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2004-present the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.security.authorization;
+
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+
+import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
+import org.springframework.util.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * An {@link AuthorizationManager} that delegates to one of two
+ * {@link AuthorizationManager} instances based on a condition evaluated against the
+ * current {@link Authentication}.
+ * <p>
+ * When {@link #authorize(Supplier, Object)} is invoked, the condition is evaluated. If
+ * the {@link Authentication} is non-null and the condition returns {@code true}, the
+ * {@code whenTrue} manager is used; otherwise the {@code whenFalse} manager is used.
+ * <p>
+ * This is useful for scenarios such as requiring multi-factor authentication only when
+ * the user has registered a second factor, or applying different rules based on
+ * authentication state.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of object that the authorization check is being performed on
+ * @author Rob Winch
+ * @since 7.1
+ */
+public final class ConditionalAuthorizationManager<T> implements AuthorizationManager<T> {
+
+	private final Predicate<Authentication> condition;
+
+	private final AuthorizationManager<T> whenTrue;
+
+	private final AuthorizationManager<T> whenFalse;
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a {@link ConditionalAuthorizationManager} that delegates to
+	 * {@code whenTrue} when the condition holds for the current {@link Authentication},
+	 * and to {@code whenFalse} otherwise.
+	 * @param condition the condition to evaluate against the {@link Authentication} (must
+	 * not be null)
+	 * @param whenTrue the manager to use when the condition is true (must not be null)
+	 * @param whenFalse the manager to use when the condition is false (must not be null)
+	 */
+	private ConditionalAuthorizationManager(Predicate<Authentication> condition, AuthorizationManager<T> whenTrue,
+			AuthorizationManager<T> whenFalse) {
+		Assert.notNull(condition, "condition cannot be null");
+		Assert.notNull(whenTrue, "whenTrue cannot be null");
+		Assert.notNull(whenFalse, "whenFalse cannot be null");
+		this.condition = condition;
+		this.whenTrue = whenTrue;
+		this.whenFalse = whenFalse;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a builder for a {@link ConditionalAuthorizationManager} with the given
+	 * condition.
+	 * @param <T> the type of object that the authorization check is being performed on
+	 * @param condition the condition to evaluate against the {@link Authentication} (must
+	 * not be null)
+	 * @return the builder
+	 */
+	public static <T> Builder<T> when(Predicate<Authentication> condition) {
+		Assert.notNull(condition, "condition cannot be null");
+		return new Builder<>(condition);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public @Nullable AuthorizationResult authorize(Supplier<? extends @Nullable Authentication> authentication,
+			T object) {
+		Authentication auth = authentication.get();
+		if (auth != null && this.condition.test(auth)) {
+			return this.whenTrue.authorize(authentication, object);
+		}
+		return this.whenFalse.authorize(authentication, object);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A builder for {@link ConditionalAuthorizationManager}.
+	 *
+	 * @param <T> the type of object that the authorization check is being performed on
+	 * @author Rob Winch
+	 * @since 7.1
+	 */
+	public static final class Builder<T> {
+
+		private final Predicate<Authentication> condition;
+
+		private @Nullable AuthorizationManager<T> whenTrue;
+
+		private @Nullable AuthorizationManager<T> whenFalse;
+
+		private Builder(Predicate<Authentication> condition) {
+			this.condition = condition;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Sets the {@link AuthorizationManager} to use when the condition is true.
+		 * @param whenTrue the manager to use when the condition is true (must not be
+		 * null)
+		 * @return the builder
+		 */
+		public Builder<T> whenTrue(AuthorizationManager<T> whenTrue) {
+			Assert.notNull(whenTrue, "whenTrue cannot be null");
+			this.whenTrue = whenTrue;
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Sets the {@link AuthorizationManager} to use when the condition is false.
+		 * Defaults to {@link SingleResultAuthorizationManager#permitAll()} if not set.
+		 * @param whenFalse the manager to use when the condition is false (must not be
+		 * null)
+		 * @return the builder
+		 */
+		public Builder<T> whenFalse(AuthorizationManager<T> whenFalse) {
+			Assert.notNull(whenFalse, "whenFalse cannot be null");
+			this.whenFalse = whenFalse;
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Builds the {@link ConditionalAuthorizationManager}.
+		 * @return the {@link ConditionalAuthorizationManager}
+		 */
+		@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+		public ConditionalAuthorizationManager<T> build() {
+			Assert.state(this.whenTrue != null, "whenTrue is required");
+			AuthorizationManager<T> whenFalse = this.whenFalse;
+			if (whenFalse == null) {
+				whenFalse = (AuthorizationManager<T>) SingleResultAuthorizationManager.permitAll();
+			}
+			return new ConditionalAuthorizationManager<>(this.condition, this.whenTrue, whenFalse);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/core/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/authorization/ConditionalAuthorizationManagerTests.java b/core/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/authorization/ConditionalAuthorizationManagerTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86f03c254c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/authorization/ConditionalAuthorizationManagerTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2004-present the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.security.authorization;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import org.springframework.security.authentication.TestingAuthenticationToken;
+import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatIllegalArgumentException;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatIllegalStateException;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link ConditionalAuthorizationManager}.
+ *
+ * @author Rob Winch
+ */
+public class ConditionalAuthorizationManagerTests {
+
+	@Test
+	void authorizeWhenAuthenticationIsNullThenUsesWhenFalse() {
+		ConditionalAuthorizationManager<Object> manager = ConditionalAuthorizationManager.when((auth) -> true)
+			.whenTrue(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.denyAll())
+			.whenFalse(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.permitAll())
+			.build();
+
+		AuthorizationResult result = manager.authorize(() -> null, new Object());
+
+		assertThat(result).isNotNull();
+		assertThat(result.isGranted()).isTrue();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void authorizeWhenConditionIsTrueThenUsesWhenTrue() {
+		Authentication authentication = new TestingAuthenticationToken("user", "password");
+		ConditionalAuthorizationManager<Object> manager = ConditionalAuthorizationManager.when((auth) -> true)
+			.whenTrue(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.permitAll())
+			.whenFalse(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.denyAll())
+			.build();
+
+		AuthorizationResult result = manager.authorize(() -> authentication, new Object());
+
+		assertThat(result).isNotNull();
+		assertThat(result.isGranted()).isTrue();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void authorizeWhenConditionIsFalseThenUsesWhenFalse() {
+		Authentication authentication = new TestingAuthenticationToken("user", "password");
+		ConditionalAuthorizationManager<Object> manager = ConditionalAuthorizationManager.when((auth) -> false)
+			.whenTrue(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.permitAll())
+			.whenFalse(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.denyAll())
+			.build();
+
+		AuthorizationResult result = manager.authorize(() -> authentication, new Object());
+
+		assertThat(result).isNotNull();
+		assertThat(result.isGranted()).isFalse();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void authorizeWhenConditionDependsOnAuthenticationThenEvaluatesCorrectly() {
+		Authentication admin = new TestingAuthenticationToken("admin", "password", "ROLE_ADMIN");
+		Authentication user = new TestingAuthenticationToken("user", "password", "ROLE_USER");
+		ConditionalAuthorizationManager<Object> manager = ConditionalAuthorizationManager
+			.when((auth) -> auth.getAuthorities().stream().anyMatch((a) -> "ROLE_ADMIN".equals(a.getAuthority())))
+			.whenTrue(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.permitAll())
+			.whenFalse(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.denyAll())
+			.build();
+
+		assertThat(manager.authorize(() -> admin, new Object()).isGranted()).isTrue();
+		assertThat(manager.authorize(() -> user, new Object()).isGranted()).isFalse();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void buildWhenWhenFalseNotSetThenDefaultsToPermitAll() {
+		Authentication authentication = new TestingAuthenticationToken("user", "password");
+		ConditionalAuthorizationManager<Object> manager = ConditionalAuthorizationManager.when((auth) -> false)
+			.whenTrue(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.denyAll())
+			.build();
+
+		AuthorizationResult result = manager.authorize(() -> authentication, new Object());
+
+		assertThat(result).isNotNull();
+		assertThat(result.isGranted()).isTrue();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void whenWhenConditionIsNullThenThrowsException() {
+		assertThatIllegalArgumentException().isThrownBy(() -> ConditionalAuthorizationManager.when(null))
+			.withMessage("condition cannot be null");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void buildWhenWhenTrueNotSetThenThrowsException() {
+		assertThatIllegalStateException().isThrownBy(() -> ConditionalAuthorizationManager.when((auth) -> true).build())
+			.withMessage("whenTrue is required");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void builderWhenWhenTrueIsNullThenThrowsException() {
+		assertThatIllegalArgumentException()
+			.isThrownBy(() -> ConditionalAuthorizationManager.when((auth) -> true).whenTrue(null))
+			.withMessage("whenTrue cannot be null");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void builderWhenWhenFalseIsNullThenThrowsException() {
+		assertThatIllegalArgumentException()
+			.isThrownBy(() -> ConditionalAuthorizationManager.when((auth) -> true)
+				.whenTrue(SingleResultAuthorizationManager.permitAll())
+				.whenFalse(null))
+			.withMessage("whenFalse cannot be null");
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/docs/modules/ROOT/pages/servlet/authorization/architecture.adoc b/docs/modules/ROOT/pages/servlet/authorization/architecture.adoc
index 545824f0ba..4c2978edfd 100644
--- a/docs/modules/ROOT/pages/servlet/authorization/architecture.adoc
+++ b/docs/modules/ROOT/pages/servlet/authorization/architecture.adoc
@@ -144,6 +144,16 @@ Another manager is the `AuthenticatedAuthorizationManager`.
 It can be used to differentiate between anonymous, fully-authenticated and remember-me authenticated users.
 Many sites allow certain limited access under remember-me authentication, but require a user to confirm their identity by logging in for full access.
 
+[[authz-conditional-authorization-manager]]
+==== ConditionalAuthorizationManager
+javadoc:org.springframework.security.authorization.ConditionalAuthorizationManager[] delegates to one of two ``AuthorizationManager``s based on a condition evaluated against the current ``Authentication``.
+When the condition returns true (and the authentication is non-null), the ``whenTrue`` manager is used; otherwise the ``whenFalse`` manager is used.
+Create an instance using the builder returned by `ConditionalAuthorizationManager.when(Predicate<Authentication>)`: set `whenTrue` (required) and optionally `whenFalse` (defaults to permit-all).
+This is useful for scenarios such as requiring multi-factor authentication only when the user has registered a second factor.
+
+.ConditionalAuthorizationManager example
+include-code::./ConditionalAuthorizationManagerExample[tag=conditionalAuthorizationManager,indent=0]
+
 [[authz-authorization-manager-factory]]
 === Creating AuthorizationManager instances
 
diff --git a/docs/modules/ROOT/pages/whats-new.adoc b/docs/modules/ROOT/pages/whats-new.adoc
index e749d90247..2aaa7d0f5f 100644
--- a/docs/modules/ROOT/pages/whats-new.adoc
+++ b/docs/modules/ROOT/pages/whats-new.adoc
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 * https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-security/pull/18634[gh-18634] - Added javadoc:org.springframework.security.web.util.matcher.InetAddressMatcher[]
 * https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-security/issues/18755[gh-18755] - Include `charset` in `WWW-Authenticate` header
+* Added xref:servlet/authorization/architecture.adoc#authz-conditional-authorization-manager[ConditionalAuthorizationManager]
 
 == OAuth 2.0
 
diff --git a/docs/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/docs/servlet/authorization/authzconditionalauthorizationmanager/ConditionalAuthorizationManagerExample.java b/docs/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/docs/servlet/authorization/authzconditionalauthorizationmanager/ConditionalAuthorizationManagerExample.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca3d0035ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/docs/servlet/authorization/authzconditionalauthorizationmanager/ConditionalAuthorizationManagerExample.java
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package org.springframework.security.docs.servlet.authorization.authzconditionalauthorizationmanager;
+
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+
+import org.springframework.security.authorization.AllRequiredFactorsAuthorizationManager;
+import org.springframework.security.authorization.AuthorizationManager;
+import org.springframework.security.authorization.ConditionalAuthorizationManager;
+import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
+import org.springframework.security.web.access.intercept.RequestAuthorizationContext;
+
+public class ConditionalAuthorizationManagerExample {
+
+	public void configure(MfaRepository mfaRepository) {
+		// tag::conditionalAuthorizationManager[]
+		Predicate<Authentication> whenUserHasMfa = (auth) -> mfaRepository.hasRegisteredMfa(auth.getName());
+		AuthorizationManager<RequestAuthorizationContext> mfaRequired = AllRequiredFactorsAuthorizationManager
+			.<RequestAuthorizationContext>builder()
+			.requireFactor((f) -> f.passwordAuthority())
+			.requireFactor((f) -> f.webauthnAuthority())
+			.build();
+		AuthorizationManager<RequestAuthorizationContext> manager = ConditionalAuthorizationManager.<RequestAuthorizationContext>when(whenUserHasMfa)
+			.whenTrue(mfaRequired)
+			.build();
+		// end::conditionalAuthorizationManager[]
+	}
+
+	interface MfaRepository {
+
+		boolean hasRegisteredMfa(String username);
+
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/docs/src/test/kotlin/org/springframework/security/kt/docs/servlet/authorization/authzconditionalauthorizationmanager/ConditionalAuthorizationManagerExample.kt b/docs/src/test/kotlin/org/springframework/security/kt/docs/servlet/authorization/authzconditionalauthorizationmanager/ConditionalAuthorizationManagerExample.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..306cfeebf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/src/test/kotlin/org/springframework/security/kt/docs/servlet/authorization/authzconditionalauthorizationmanager/ConditionalAuthorizationManagerExample.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package org.springframework.security.kt.docs.servlet.authorization.authzconditionalauthorizationmanager;
+
+import org.springframework.security.authorization.AllRequiredFactorsAuthorizationManager
+import org.springframework.security.authorization.ConditionalAuthorizationManager
+import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication
+import org.springframework.security.web.access.intercept.RequestAuthorizationContext
+import java.util.function.Predicate
+
+class ConditionalAuthorizationManagerExample {
+    fun configure(mfaRepository: MfaRepository) {
+        // tag::conditionalAuthorizationManager[]
+        val whenUserHasMfa = Predicate { auth: Authentication -> mfaRepository.hasRegisteredMfa(auth.name) }
+        val mfaRequired = AllRequiredFactorsAuthorizationManager.builder<RequestAuthorizationContext>()
+            .requireFactor { f -> f.passwordAuthority() }
+            .requireFactor { f -> f.webauthnAuthority() }
+            .build()
+        val manager = ConditionalAuthorizationManager.`when`<RequestAuthorizationContext>(whenUserHasMfa)
+            .whenTrue(mfaRequired)
+            .build()
+        // end::conditionalAuthorizationManager[]
+    }
+
+    interface MfaRepository {
+        fun hasRegisteredMfa(username: String?): Boolean
+    }
+}