Honor @⁠Primary before fallback qualifier for Bean Overrides

Prior to this commit, test bean overrides (for example, @⁠MockitoBean,
@⁠TestBean, etc.) eagerly honored the name of the annotated field as a
fallback qualifier, effectively ignoring @⁠Primary and @⁠Fallback
semantics for certain use cases.

This led to situations where a bean override for a test would select a
different bean than the core container would for the same autowiring
metadata.

To address that, this commit revises the implementation of
BeanOverrideBeanFactoryPostProcessor so that @⁠Primary and @⁠Fallback
semantics are consistently honored before attempting to use the
annotated field's name as a fallback qualifier.

Closes gh-34374

spring-test/src/main/java/org/springframework/test/context/bean/override/BeanOverrideBeanFactoryPostProcessor.java

@@ -249,26 +249,21 @@ class BeanOverrideBeanFactoryPostProcessor implements BeanFactoryPostProcessor,
 		if (beanName == null) {
 			// We are wrapping an existing bean by-type.
 			Set<String> candidateNames = getExistingBeanNamesByType(beanFactory, handler, true);
-			int candidateCount = candidateNames.size();
+			String uniqueCandidate = determineUniqueCandidate(beanFactory, candidateNames, beanType, field);
-			if (candidateCount == 1) {
+			if (uniqueCandidate != null) {
-				beanName = candidateNames.iterator().next();
+				beanName = uniqueCandidate;
 			}
 			else {
-				String primaryCandidate = determinePrimaryCandidate(beanFactory, candidateNames, beanType.toClass());
+				String message = "Unable to select a bean to wrap: ";
-				if (primaryCandidate != null) {
+				int candidateCount = candidateNames.size();
-					beanName = primaryCandidate;
+				if (candidateCount == 0) {
+					message += "there are no beans of type %s%s.".formatted(beanType, requiredByField(field));
 				}
 				else {
-					String message = "Unable to select a bean to wrap: ";
+					message += "found %d beans of type %s%s: %s"
-					if (candidateCount == 0) {
+							.formatted(candidateCount, beanType, requiredByField(field), candidateNames);
-						message += "there are no beans of type %s%s.".formatted(beanType, requiredByField(field));
-					}
-					else {
-						message += "found %d beans of type %s%s: %s"
-								.formatted(candidateCount, beanType, requiredByField(field), candidateNames);
-					}
-					throw new IllegalStateException(message);
 				}
+				throw new IllegalStateException(message);
 			}
 			beanName = BeanFactoryUtils.transformedBeanName(beanName);
 		}
@@ -287,18 +282,20 @@ class BeanOverrideBeanFactoryPostProcessor implements BeanFactoryPostProcessor,
 	}
 
 	@Nullable
-	private String getBeanNameForType(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory, BeanOverrideHandler handler,
+	private static String getBeanNameForType(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory, BeanOverrideHandler handler,
 			boolean requireExistingBean) {
 
 		Field field = handler.getField();
 		ResolvableType beanType = handler.getBeanType();
 
 		Set<String> candidateNames = getExistingBeanNamesByType(beanFactory, handler, true);
-		int candidateCount = candidateNames.size();
+		String uniqueCandidate = determineUniqueCandidate(beanFactory, candidateNames, beanType, field);
-		if (candidateCount == 1) {
+		if (uniqueCandidate != null) {
-			return candidateNames.iterator().next();
+			return uniqueCandidate;
 		}
-		else if (candidateCount == 0) {
+
+		int candidateCount = candidateNames.size();
+		if (candidateCount == 0) {
 			if (requireExistingBean) {
 				throw new IllegalStateException(
 						"Unable to override bean: there are no beans of type %s%s."
@@ -307,18 +304,13 @@ class BeanOverrideBeanFactoryPostProcessor implements BeanFactoryPostProcessor,
 			return null;
 		}
 
-		String primaryCandidate = determinePrimaryCandidate(beanFactory, candidateNames, beanType.toClass());
-		if (primaryCandidate != null) {
-			return primaryCandidate;
-		}
-
 		throw new IllegalStateException(
 				"Unable to select a bean to override: found %d beans of type %s%s: %s"
 					.formatted(candidateCount, beanType, requiredByField(field), candidateNames));
 	}
 
-	private Set<String> getExistingBeanNamesByType(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory, BeanOverrideHandler handler,
+	private static Set<String> getExistingBeanNamesByType(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory,
-			boolean checkAutowiredCandidate) {
+			BeanOverrideHandler handler, boolean checkAutowiredCandidate) {
 
 		Field field = handler.getField();
 		ResolvableType resolvableType = handler.getBeanType();
@@ -345,25 +337,56 @@ class BeanOverrideBeanFactoryPostProcessor implements BeanFactoryPostProcessor,
 		// Filter out scoped proxy targets.
 		beanNames.removeIf(ScopedProxyUtils::isScopedTarget);
 
-		// In case of multiple matches, fall back on the field's name as a last resort.
+		return beanNames;
-		if (field != null && beanNames.size() > 1) {
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Determine the unique candidate in the given set of bean names.
+	 * <p>Honors both <em>primary</em> and <em>fallback</em> semantics, and
+	 * otherwise matches against the field name as a <em>fallback qualifier</em>.
+	 * @return the name of the unique candidate, or {@code null} if none found
+	 * @since 6.2.3
+	 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory#determineAutowireCandidate
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	private static String determineUniqueCandidate(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory,
+			Set<String> candidateNames, ResolvableType beanType, @Nullable Field field) {
+
+		// Step 0: none or only one
+		int candidateCount = candidateNames.size();
+		if (candidateCount == 0) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		if (candidateCount == 1) {
+			return candidateNames.iterator().next();
+		}
+
+		// Step 1: check primary candidate
+		String primaryCandidate = determinePrimaryCandidate(beanFactory, candidateNames, beanType.toClass());
+		if (primaryCandidate != null) {
+			return primaryCandidate;
+		}
+
+		// Step 2: use the field name as a fallback qualifier
+		if (field != null) {
 			String fieldName = field.getName();
-			if (beanNames.contains(fieldName)) {
+			if (candidateNames.contains(fieldName)) {
-				return Set.of(fieldName);
+				return fieldName;
 			}
 		}
-		return beanNames;
+
+		return null;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Determine the primary candidate in the given set of bean names.
 	 * <p>Honors both <em>primary</em> and <em>fallback</em> semantics.
 	 * @return the name of the primary candidate, or {@code null} if none found
-	 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory#determinePrimaryCandidate(Map, Class)
+	 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory#determinePrimaryCandidate
 	 */
 	@Nullable
-	private static String determinePrimaryCandidate(
+	private static String determinePrimaryCandidate(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory,
-			ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory, Set<String> candidateBeanNames, Class<?> beanType) {
+			Set<String> candidateBeanNames, Class<?> beanType) {
 
 		if (candidateBeanNames.isEmpty()) {
 			return null;

spring-test/src/test/java/org/springframework/test/context/bean/override/mockito/integration/MockitoBeanWithMultipleExistingBeansAndOnePrimaryAndOneConflictingQualifierIntegrationTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2025 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.test.context.bean.override.mockito.integration;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Primary;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import org.springframework.test.context.bean.override.mockito.MockitoBean;
+import org.springframework.test.context.junit.jupiter.SpringExtension;
+
+import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.then;
+import static org.springframework.test.mockito.MockitoAssertions.assertIsMock;
+import static org.springframework.test.mockito.MockitoAssertions.assertIsNotMock;
+
+/**
+ * Tests that {@link MockitoBean @MockitoBean} can be used to mock a bean when
+ * there are multiple candidates; one is primary; and the field name matches
+ * the name of a candidate which is not the primary candidate.
+ *
+ * @author Sam Brannen
+ * @since 6.2.3
+ * @see MockitoBeanWithMultipleExistingBeansAndOnePrimaryIntegrationTests
+ * @see MockitoBeanWithMultipleExistingBeansAndExplicitBeanNameIntegrationTests
+ * @see MockitoBeanWithMultipleExistingBeansAndExplicitQualifierIntegrationTests
+ */
+@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
+class MockitoBeanWithMultipleExistingBeansAndOnePrimaryAndOneConflictingQualifierIntegrationTests {
+
+	// The name of this field must be "baseService" to match the name of the non-primary candidate.
+	@MockitoBean
+	BaseService baseService;
+
+	@Autowired
+	Client client;
+
+
+	@Test  // gh-34374
+	void test(ApplicationContext context) {
+		assertIsMock(baseService, "baseService field");
+		assertIsMock(context.getBean("extendedService"), "extendedService bean");
+		assertIsNotMock(context.getBean("baseService"), "baseService bean");
+
+		client.callService();
+
+		then(baseService).should().doSomething();
+	}
+
+
+	@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
+	@Import({ BaseService.class, ExtendedService.class, Client.class })
+	static class Config {
+	}
+
+	@Component("baseService")
+	static class BaseService {
+
+		public void doSomething() {
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Primary
+	@Component("extendedService")
+	static class ExtendedService extends BaseService {
+	}
+
+	@Component("client")
+	static class Client {
+
+		private final BaseService baseService;
+
+		public Client(BaseService baseService) {
+			this.baseService = baseService;
+		}
+
+		public void callService() {
+			this.baseService.doSomething();
+		}
+	}
+
+}

spring-test/src/test/java/org/springframework/test/context/bean/override/mockito/integration/MockitoBeanWithMultipleExistingBeansAndOnePrimaryIntegrationTests.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2002-2024 the original author or authors.
+ * Copyright 2002-2025 the original author or authors.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import static org.springframework.test.mockito.MockitoAssertions.assertMockName;
  * @author Sam Brannen
  * @author Phillip Webb
  * @since 6.2
+ * @see MockitoBeanWithMultipleExistingBeansAndOnePrimaryAndOneConflictingQualifierIntegrationTests
  * @see MockitoBeanWithMultipleExistingBeansAndExplicitBeanNameIntegrationTests
  * @see MockitoBeanWithMultipleExistingBeansAndExplicitQualifierIntegrationTests
  */

spring-test/src/test/java/org/springframework/test/mockito/MockitoAssertions.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2002-2024 the original author or authors.
+ * Copyright 2002-2025 the original author or authors.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -37,6 +37,14 @@ public abstract class MockitoAssertions {
 		assertThat(isMock(obj)).as("%s is a Mockito mock", message).isTrue();
 	}
 
+	public static void assertIsNotMock(Object obj) {
+		assertThat(isMock(obj)).as("is a Mockito mock").isFalse();
+	}
+
+	public static void assertIsNotMock(Object obj, String message) {
+		assertThat(isSpy(obj)).as("%s is a Mockito mock", message).isFalse();
+	}
+
 	public static void assertIsSpy(Object obj) {
 		assertThat(isSpy(obj)).as("is a Mockito spy").isTrue();
 	}